Conflict Management and Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Peace making and Negotiation - Essay Example Peace making is about how to oversee clashes at work. It investigates what is struggle, singular discernment and way to deal with grevieance correspondence, and afterward attempts to distinguish joint critical thinking prompting commonly helpful and neighborly peaceful settlements. A Conflict Management System accomplishes something other than just responding to struggle. Or maybe, it is a deliberately altered framework, fitting the necessities and prerequisites of the individual association that is created through the amalgamation of existing and new assets or approaches to build up an incorporated framework for settling struggle. Today when business markets are turning out to be increasingly serious and dynamic in nature it is significant for an association to make a suitable situation inside the work environment to hold their Human Capital (Internal) and simultaneously make a never-ending holding with their Suppliers or Vendors (External). Rights-based procedure 3 is a Traditional Conflict Management Process which centers around a person's cases and the realities that help these cases. It is a conventional method of settling clashes, which may include surveying whether a worker's privileges have been encroached upon. The procedure comes into picture when a legitimate or legally binding right has been disregarded. The arrangement is uneven or gives the ruling for one of the clashing gatherings which regularly leaves the other party irritated. Intrigue Based Process is a Collaborative Method of Conflict Management which as opposed to concentrating on the outside of the issues attempts to distinguish the main driver of an issue excited. Rather than concentrating on the Position of Conflicting people it focuses on the requirements, wants and interests of the individuals (for example need of better workplace). It is an increasingly agreeable way to deal with critical thinking and peace promotion which attempts to make a Win -Win Situation for both the gatherings, in contrast to the Traditional methodology, rather than drawing out a champ and giving out choice in favors of one side. Advancement of Integrated Conflict Management System Customarily associations have been following Power Based or Right Based Process for compromise and subsequently have been all the more close frameworks. Anyway in present period when associations are turning out to be progressively natural and open the execution of Interest based or ADR4 procedures or strategies for peace promotion are turning into the judicious decision. Intrigue based or ADR strategies as opposed to discovering a victor or giving out ruling for one gathering concentrates to set up a Win-Win circumstance for both the gatherings in question and in this manner tries to set up an amicable commonly advantageous compromise. In an Integrated Confli

Gender Non-Conformity

Most parent think when they see their child playing dolls and having delights with design has propensity to turn into a gay thus with young ladies who are for the most part fun of playing ballgames with young men has the likelihood to turn into a lesbian when they become more seasoned. The American culture accepted that there are just two sex inclinations, male and female. Sex alludes to whether male or female, ladylike of manly. Sexual orientation now and again is intently trade with sex. This is the confusion our general public had. In spite of the fact that sex is identified with sex however both have particular perceivability. We have the supposed low and high manliness and tight clamp versa on females. Young men who do what young ladies for the most part do, for example, cleaning the house, cooking, doing the clothing, have a place with the low class manly and young men who are disturbed with a young lady thing, don't wash their own clothing or even fix their bed have a place with the high manliness and tight clamp versa with young ladies. Yet, this doesn’t imply that the individuals who are in the low manliness are supposed to be gays, just that they can live without anyone else. The inquiry why guardians are all the more tolerating of a girl displaying a preference for truck and sports as opposed to a child showing a preference for playing dolls and cooking is that guardians are more focused to a son’s advancement instead of a daughter’s. It is a result of the â€Å"man† personality. A kid when he becomes more established must be solid, straight, center and a developer. He needs to help and ensure his family. Young ladies are fastidious, delicate, mindful and so forth. A mother, who sees her little girl playing sports with young men, doing hard tasks that are planned for young men may feel increasingly great accepting that her kid is solid and fit for getting things done in both genders.â Aside from that, gays are expressive. They need to feel like a lady who is too ungainly to even think about looking at rather that a young lady wearing pants and free shirts. As indicated by Throckmorton, a brain science teacher at Grove City College, Pennsylvania, â€Å"people who don’t acclimate with sexual orientation standards resemble gay. As indicated by the examination, youngsters who grow up to be hetero commonly experience a phase where they see the other gender as unique in relation to themselves, or outlandish, and in the end progress into considering individuals to be the other gender as suggestive. On the off chance that a kid is sex non-accommodating, at that point the person in question is probably going to see individuals from a similar sex as not the same as themselves, and in the end build up a sensual appreciation for individuals from a similar sex further down the road. He likewise expressed that guardians ought to stay away from the outlook that if their child doesn’t have any enthusiasm for baseball that there is some kind of problem with him. (Lee, 2006) The negative reactions to the declarations of non-conventional sex conduct in youthful guys are utilitarian in the general public. It is clear that there is separation and misuse. Gays and lesbians are battling for their privileges until nowadays. This negative articulation significantly influences on little fellows. Acknowledgment for non-congruity of sexual orientation among young men is once in a while found in our general public. Useful for the individuals who have a place with a family that help him whatever and whoever he might be. There are numerous motivations to support a full scope of gendered conduct in children and girls. One of this is job demonstrating. We ought to consistently recall that kids gain from what you are and not what you state. Your own training is consistently the best impact. This is the most fundamental duty of the guardians. The best child rearing test lies in being answerable for managing, instructing, and encouraging your kid toward his best self-which incorporates the need to see his missteps and assist him with adjusting them-while all the while tolerating and cherishing him as he exist now, before his issues are corrected. (Bobbie Sandoz) Reference: Mental, Anthropological and Sociological Foundations of Education, Alicia S. Bustos, Socorro c. Espiritu; Katha Publishing Co., Inc. 1996 The language of Parenting’ Blue Mountain Press;SPS Studios, Inc., 2001 http://www.southernvoice.com/2006/4-7/news/national/gender.cfm http://cjwww.csustan.edu/hatecrimes/99/hostile to gay/against gay%20web.html http://www.lambda.org/youth_suicide.htm http://www.southernvoice.com/2006/4-7/news/national/gender.cfm http://www.youth-suicide.com/gay-androgynous/development/6-gay-youth-self destruction female males.htm

10 Types of Workplace Illnesses How to Cure Them

10 Types of Workplace Illnesses How to Cure Them 10 common workplace illnesses tips on how to prevent and cure them With the majority of our hours spent at work, the static nature of office-based jobs can lead to a number of common workplace illnesses. When we aren’t feeling our best, our work feels the impact. Staying healthy, both physically and mentally, is therefore crucial to being productive and reaching our potential. 10 common workplace illnesses tips on how to prevent and cure them It’s likely that everyone has faced, or will face, one of these ailments before they retire. Learn about 10 common types of workplace illness and what you can do to prevent and cure them so you don’t fall behind. 1. Notification anxiety With different applications open that are needed to complete our jobs, it’s easy to become overwhelmed by the amount of notifications received. Managing notifications can alleviate some stress and help you concentrate.   Definition Notification anxiety is the nervousness experienced when one is overwhelmed by alerts received. These alerts can be from emails, instant messages, text messages, or different applications. It can lead to the inability to focus, hesitation to respond, and higher stress levels. Solutions Limit how often you check emails by blocking off time throughout your day. Eliminate the obsession for inbox-zero. Mute internal communication applications during times where you need to focus on important tasks. These tools simplify collaboration but can distract from your work.   Don’t be available for everything. Limit your availability to others by not responding to notifications or emails immediately, and by disconnecting from work on evenings and weekends.   Click the unsubscribe button. Unsubscribe from irrelevant content, whether that’s leaving channels or unsubscribing from emails. MeisterTip: Read our team guide to productive Slack use. 2. Sensory overload The amount of stimuli around us in the office, from conversations to instant messages, can lead to a feeling of sensory overload.   Definition Sensory overload in the workplace is the feeling of anxiety caused by overstimulation. Individuals feel overwhelming anxiety and incapable of tolerating external stimuli. Solutions Take regular breaks. Take multiple breaks throughout your day. Leave your phone at your desk and step away to reset how you’re feeling.   Find ways to escape. If the areas surrounding your desk are abuzz, find a quieter area to work. If not possible, consider investing in a pair of soundproof headphones. Implement mindfulness practices. To train yourself to be more calm and open to stimuli, implement mindfulness practices such as meditation.   3. Decision fatigue decision avoidance It’s estimated that we make 35,000 decisions every day. By the end of the day, feeling emotionally drained can be partially attributed to the mental energy it takes to make decisions. The more decisions we make, the harder it can be to decide later â€" leading to decision avoidance.   Definition Decision fatigue is when one feels emotionally tired due to the amount of decisions they’ve had to make. As more decisions are made throughout the day, the outcomes can turn negative. Decision avoidance is when one avoids making a decision due to anxiety.   Solutions Create a system of making better business decisions by using templates or other tools. Experiment to find what works best and implement it in your decision-making routine. Reduce the number of decisions you have to make. Routinize as many decisions as possible. For example, you can start by picking out your outfit the night before or eating a similar lunch everyday. Delegate when possible. Don’t make every decision by yourself. Delegate decisions to others when you’re overwhelmed with the amount of decisions you have. Set decision deadlines. Set deadlines for yourself to avoid procrastination and delaying a decision. Make important decisions early in the day. Instead of agonizing about the outcome of a big decision all day, tackle it first thing in the morning when your mind is still fresh. 4. Imposter syndrome Self-doubt can affect our work and how we present it to others. It can keep us from going after new opportunities and putting ourselves out there in a meaningful way. Definition Imposter syndrome is the self-doubt one has about their professional achievements. People suffering from this often feel like a hoax and that their weaknesses will eventually be exposed. Solutions Establish yourself as a thought-leader through mentorship. Mentorship is a great way to give back, show off your expertise, build your personal brand, and boost your self-confidence. Write down your accomplishments and compliments. Whenever you receive a compliment, write it down. When you’re down, reread your notes to see all that you’ve achieved and give your confidence a boost.   Accept mistakes. Mistakes are inevitable, its how you deal with them that matters. If you see each mistake as a learning experience, you can use it to grow and improve. 5. Burn-out Burn-out   is so widespread that the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified it as an occupational phenomenon. Take control of how work stress affects you physically and mentally before burn-out takes root. Definition As defined by the WHO, burn-out results “from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed.” Those suffering from burn-out feel worn out, perform less efficiently, and feel negatively towards their work.   Solutions Take advantage of your vacation days. Preventing burn-out can be as simple as taking time off. If you can’t afford a vacation, stay home and enjoy time where you aren’t working.   Talk to your manager or HR. An open line of communication is crucial to your happiness and dealing with burn-out before it leads to quitting. Develop a strategy to manage your stress. Achieving a good work-life balance is crucial for your health and helps prevent burn-out long-term.   6. Tiredness Exhaustion and tiredness are common themes across workplaces. There are many factors that contribute to our alertness. Definition Tiredness is when you are physically and/or mentally exhausted. It’s the point where you wish for relaxation. Tiredness can make normal tasks feel more demanding. Solutions Get an adequate amount of sleep. Implement a routine of going to bed and waking up at the same time each day. A good night’s sleep is crucial for eliminating tiredness. Drink more water and limit caffeine. Caffeine may give you a quick boost of energy, but too much caffeine can keep you from getting a good nights sleep. Try limiting your caffeine intake for a month and see how you feel. In the meantime, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.   Watch your diet to avoid the post-lunch slump. Carb and protein heavy diets can lead to tiredness after a meal. Eating a light, plant-based meal can help you stay energized.   Get moving during the day. Sitting all day can lead to tiredness. Get moving every hour even if it’s just a quick lap around the office. 7. Dry eyes If you’re working a typical job in an office, you likely spend the majority of your day staring at a screen. This can lead to dry eyes since we don’t blink as often while staring at a computer â€" a whopping 66% less, according to some sources.   Definition Dry eyes occurs when your eyes feel more dry than usual due to forgetting to blink. This can feel irritating and cause strain on your eyes. Solutions Use the 20-20-20 rule. Escaping a computer screen is unlikely, but you can limit the effects of dry eyes. Every 20 minutes, look at something at least 20 feet away for a minimum of 20 seconds. Wear glasses instead of contacts. Contacts can assist in dry eye symptoms because they limit the amount of moisture that can get underneath. If possible, get a pair of computer glasses â€" these come with an anti-reflective coating and color tint to help alleviate or prevent digital eyestrain.   Try to keep your monitor below your eye-level. When your monitor is located above eye-level, you’ll need to open your eyes wider to view the screen. Keep your monitor below eye-level to avoid opening more than necessary.     8. Tendonitis Wrist pain can often be associated with the amount of time we spend typing each day. Preventing tendonitis is key in staying productive long-term. Definition Tendonitis is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon. Repetition of the same activity, such as typing, can lead to tendonitis. Solutions Upgrade your office supplies. If you have wrist pain,   upgrade your office tools to minimize the effects. Look into ergonomic keyboards, gel wrist pads, or a fitted desk or chair.     Keep your keyboard flat and watch your wrist position. Don’t raise your keyboard because it will require you to hold your wrists in an unnatural position. Identify how your wrists rest and try to keep them in as neutral a position as possible.   Stretch and rest. Stretch your wrists and rest them regularly. Take regular breaks from typing to avoid overworking your wrists and remove any accessories that may weigh your wrists down. 9. Poor posture back pain Implementing good posture into your habitual routine isn’t easy. It can feel uncomfortable and more painful than what we’re used to. However, poor posture can lead to back problems for you down the road, so taking action is worth the effort.   Definition Back pain is discomfort and physical pain located in the back. Back pain can be attributed to poor posture or overuse of muscles in the back.     Solutions Correct your posture. Fixing your posture is one of the easiest solutions.   Identify how you sit and work to change it. This change may be uncomfortable initially, but your back will thank you later. Adjust your chair to have adequate back support. Make sure that the chair you sit in all day is helping and not harming you by adjusting it to have adequate back support. Consider buying a pillow if you can’t adjust the chair. Stretch. It’s simple, but stretching can also help alleviate back pain. Yoga and other types of stretching can help strengthen your back.   10. Bad breath While bad breath isn’t directly caused by sitting in an office each day, it is a widespread problem that can negatively affect your relationship with colleagues and your self-esteem.   Definition Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is when one’s breath has an unnatural odor. The odor that comes from your mouth is unpleasant and can be caused by your diet, having a dry mouth, or potentially an infection. Solutions Drink plenty of water. Bad breath can stem from being dehydrated and having a dry mouth. Try to stay hydrated by drinking the recommended amount of water each day. Chew sugar-free gum. Conscious about your breath before a meeting? Keep a pack of sugar-free gum at your desk to freshen your breath and mask the smell.   Keep a portable toothbrush with you. If your meals often contain potent smells, consider keeping a portable toothbrush with you for emergencies.   See a dentist regularly. Bad breath can result from infections in the mouth, so keep up on your dental hygiene by visiting the dentist regularly to prevent and treat any problems.   An apple a day keeps the doctor away Your health needs to be a priority in both your personal and professional life. Work to prevent these common workplace illnesses, but if you fall victim, make sure you treat them right away. There are a number of changes you can make in your daily routine to prevent these ailments, and your efforts will pay off: Being healthy at work can help you reach your goals and get that promotion you’ve had your eye on.

10 Types of Workplace Illnesses How to Cure Them

10 Types of Workplace Illnesses How to Cure Them 10 common workplace illnesses tips on how to prevent and cure them With the majority of our hours spent at work, the static nature of office-based jobs can lead to a number of common workplace illnesses. When we aren’t feeling our best, our work feels the impact. Staying healthy, both physically and mentally, is therefore crucial to being productive and reaching our potential. 10 common workplace illnesses tips on how to prevent and cure them It’s likely that everyone has faced, or will face, one of these ailments before they retire. Learn about 10 common types of workplace illness and what you can do to prevent and cure them so you don’t fall behind. 1. Notification anxiety With different applications open that are needed to complete our jobs, it’s easy to become overwhelmed by the amount of notifications received. Managing notifications can alleviate some stress and help you concentrate.   Definition Notification anxiety is the nervousness experienced when one is overwhelmed by alerts received. These alerts can be from emails, instant messages, text messages, or different applications. It can lead to the inability to focus, hesitation to respond, and higher stress levels. Solutions Limit how often you check emails by blocking off time throughout your day. Eliminate the obsession for inbox-zero. Mute internal communication applications during times where you need to focus on important tasks. These tools simplify collaboration but can distract from your work.   Don’t be available for everything. Limit your availability to others by not responding to notifications or emails immediately, and by disconnecting from work on evenings and weekends.   Click the unsubscribe button. Unsubscribe from irrelevant content, whether that’s leaving channels or unsubscribing from emails. MeisterTip: Read our team guide to productive Slack use. 2. Sensory overload The amount of stimuli around us in the office, from conversations to instant messages, can lead to a feeling of sensory overload.   Definition Sensory overload in the workplace is the feeling of anxiety caused by overstimulation. Individuals feel overwhelming anxiety and incapable of tolerating external stimuli. Solutions Take regular breaks. Take multiple breaks throughout your day. Leave your phone at your desk and step away to reset how you’re feeling.   Find ways to escape. If the areas surrounding your desk are abuzz, find a quieter area to work. If not possible, consider investing in a pair of soundproof headphones. Implement mindfulness practices. To train yourself to be more calm and open to stimuli, implement mindfulness practices such as meditation.   3. Decision fatigue decision avoidance It’s estimated that we make 35,000 decisions every day. By the end of the day, feeling emotionally drained can be partially attributed to the mental energy it takes to make decisions. The more decisions we make, the harder it can be to decide later â€" leading to decision avoidance.   Definition Decision fatigue is when one feels emotionally tired due to the amount of decisions they’ve had to make. As more decisions are made throughout the day, the outcomes can turn negative. Decision avoidance is when one avoids making a decision due to anxiety.   Solutions Create a system of making better business decisions by using templates or other tools. Experiment to find what works best and implement it in your decision-making routine. Reduce the number of decisions you have to make. Routinize as many decisions as possible. For example, you can start by picking out your outfit the night before or eating a similar lunch everyday. Delegate when possible. Don’t make every decision by yourself. Delegate decisions to others when you’re overwhelmed with the amount of decisions you have. Set decision deadlines. Set deadlines for yourself to avoid procrastination and delaying a decision. Make important decisions early in the day. Instead of agonizing about the outcome of a big decision all day, tackle it first thing in the morning when your mind is still fresh. 4. Imposter syndrome Self-doubt can affect our work and how we present it to others. It can keep us from going after new opportunities and putting ourselves out there in a meaningful way. Definition Imposter syndrome is the self-doubt one has about their professional achievements. People suffering from this often feel like a hoax and that their weaknesses will eventually be exposed. Solutions Establish yourself as a thought-leader through mentorship. Mentorship is a great way to give back, show off your expertise, build your personal brand, and boost your self-confidence. Write down your accomplishments and compliments. Whenever you receive a compliment, write it down. When you’re down, reread your notes to see all that you’ve achieved and give your confidence a boost.   Accept mistakes. Mistakes are inevitable, its how you deal with them that matters. If you see each mistake as a learning experience, you can use it to grow and improve. 5. Burn-out Burn-out   is so widespread that the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified it as an occupational phenomenon. Take control of how work stress affects you physically and mentally before burn-out takes root. Definition As defined by the WHO, burn-out results “from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed.” Those suffering from burn-out feel worn out, perform less efficiently, and feel negatively towards their work.   Solutions Take advantage of your vacation days. Preventing burn-out can be as simple as taking time off. If you can’t afford a vacation, stay home and enjoy time where you aren’t working.   Talk to your manager or HR. An open line of communication is crucial to your happiness and dealing with burn-out before it leads to quitting. Develop a strategy to manage your stress. Achieving a good work-life balance is crucial for your health and helps prevent burn-out long-term.   6. Tiredness Exhaustion and tiredness are common themes across workplaces. There are many factors that contribute to our alertness. Definition Tiredness is when you are physically and/or mentally exhausted. It’s the point where you wish for relaxation. Tiredness can make normal tasks feel more demanding. Solutions Get an adequate amount of sleep. Implement a routine of going to bed and waking up at the same time each day. A good night’s sleep is crucial for eliminating tiredness. Drink more water and limit caffeine. Caffeine may give you a quick boost of energy, but too much caffeine can keep you from getting a good nights sleep. Try limiting your caffeine intake for a month and see how you feel. In the meantime, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.   Watch your diet to avoid the post-lunch slump. Carb and protein heavy diets can lead to tiredness after a meal. Eating a light, plant-based meal can help you stay energized.   Get moving during the day. Sitting all day can lead to tiredness. Get moving every hour even if it’s just a quick lap around the office. 7. Dry eyes If you’re working a typical job in an office, you likely spend the majority of your day staring at a screen. This can lead to dry eyes since we don’t blink as often while staring at a computer â€" a whopping 66% less, according to some sources.   Definition Dry eyes occurs when your eyes feel more dry than usual due to forgetting to blink. This can feel irritating and cause strain on your eyes. Solutions Use the 20-20-20 rule. Escaping a computer screen is unlikely, but you can limit the effects of dry eyes. Every 20 minutes, look at something at least 20 feet away for a minimum of 20 seconds. Wear glasses instead of contacts. Contacts can assist in dry eye symptoms because they limit the amount of moisture that can get underneath. If possible, get a pair of computer glasses â€" these come with an anti-reflective coating and color tint to help alleviate or prevent digital eyestrain.   Try to keep your monitor below your eye-level. When your monitor is located above eye-level, you’ll need to open your eyes wider to view the screen. Keep your monitor below eye-level to avoid opening more than necessary.     8. Tendonitis Wrist pain can often be associated with the amount of time we spend typing each day. Preventing tendonitis is key in staying productive long-term. Definition Tendonitis is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon. Repetition of the same activity, such as typing, can lead to tendonitis. Solutions Upgrade your office supplies. If you have wrist pain,   upgrade your office tools to minimize the effects. Look into ergonomic keyboards, gel wrist pads, or a fitted desk or chair.     Keep your keyboard flat and watch your wrist position. Don’t raise your keyboard because it will require you to hold your wrists in an unnatural position. Identify how your wrists rest and try to keep them in as neutral a position as possible.   Stretch and rest. Stretch your wrists and rest them regularly. Take regular breaks from typing to avoid overworking your wrists and remove any accessories that may weigh your wrists down. 9. Poor posture back pain Implementing good posture into your habitual routine isn’t easy. It can feel uncomfortable and more painful than what we’re used to. However, poor posture can lead to back problems for you down the road, so taking action is worth the effort.   Definition Back pain is discomfort and physical pain located in the back. Back pain can be attributed to poor posture or overuse of muscles in the back.     Solutions Correct your posture. Fixing your posture is one of the easiest solutions.   Identify how you sit and work to change it. This change may be uncomfortable initially, but your back will thank you later. Adjust your chair to have adequate back support. Make sure that the chair you sit in all day is helping and not harming you by adjusting it to have adequate back support. Consider buying a pillow if you can’t adjust the chair. Stretch. It’s simple, but stretching can also help alleviate back pain. Yoga and other types of stretching can help strengthen your back.   10. Bad breath While bad breath isn’t directly caused by sitting in an office each day, it is a widespread problem that can negatively affect your relationship with colleagues and your self-esteem.   Definition Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is when one’s breath has an unnatural odor. The odor that comes from your mouth is unpleasant and can be caused by your diet, having a dry mouth, or potentially an infection. Solutions Drink plenty of water. Bad breath can stem from being dehydrated and having a dry mouth. Try to stay hydrated by drinking the recommended amount of water each day. Chew sugar-free gum. Conscious about your breath before a meeting? Keep a pack of sugar-free gum at your desk to freshen your breath and mask the smell.   Keep a portable toothbrush with you. If your meals often contain potent smells, consider keeping a portable toothbrush with you for emergencies.   See a dentist regularly. Bad breath can result from infections in the mouth, so keep up on your dental hygiene by visiting the dentist regularly to prevent and treat any problems.   An apple a day keeps the doctor away Your health needs to be a priority in both your personal and professional life. Work to prevent these common workplace illnesses, but if you fall victim, make sure you treat them right away. There are a number of changes you can make in your daily routine to prevent these ailments, and your efforts will pay off: Being healthy at work can help you reach your goals and get that promotion you’ve had your eye on.

Life Imprisonment - 1378 Words

| LIFE IMPRISONMENT IS A GOOD ALTERNATIVE TO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT | Can life imprisonment be a good alternative to death penalty? The issue remains unresolved. Even the US Supreme Court that had abolished ‘Death Penalty’ reversed its decision when new and less cruel methods of execution were introduced. Why does a society punish its members for certain acts that are offensive and unacceptable to its laws and codes? This can be a starting point of exploring our dilemma about death penalty vs. life imprisonment. It is argued that fear of death deters people from committing crimes, and the penalty of death exerts a positive moral influence. The American death penalty laws have invited ire and ridicule of human rights activists everywhere,†¦show more content†¦A person who gets caught for killing another individual is usually someone who did not plan to murder in the first place. These individuals fall into the â€Å"crimes of passion† category. Crimes of pass ion are defined as unlawful acts of an individual which are unplanned and erupt as a result of a fit or rage or anger. These illegal actions usually stem from drunkenness or a short term loss of logical thinking, which can be attributed to anger. The death penalty would logically deter crime, but the problem is that most murderers are unplanned and are not a result of logic. During the 1930s the federal government, under the direction of Jack Gibbs, investigated the effectiveness of the death penalty in deterring serious crime. The results of Gibbs investigation is that capital punishment did not deter. However, during the 1970s, Prof. Isaac Ehrlich found out through his research that capital punishment did deter but no one else besides Ehrlich has come up with the same results. The conclusion that researches have drawn up during the past decade is that the death penalty does not significantly have an effect on serious crime, one way or the other. Another reason that many people are against death penalty is that they feel that many a times innocent people are wrongfully executed, all in the name of justice, even though there are many safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing death penalty.Show MoreRelatedThe Merits and Pitfalls of Capital Punishment Today1482 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment, but in our legal system’s ability to carry out in its convictions. Thus, many of the families of the victims of such heinous crimes as murders and rapes fail to find closure and are not adequately ‘compensated.’ While in its current state life imprisonment without possibility of parole is quicker and more streamlined and provides much quicker closure, it is in no way equivalent to the loss that the families of victims have to sustain. If capital punishment were incorporated more frequently intoRead MoreMiller vs Alabama1270 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutionality of mandatory life sentences without parole enforced upon persons a ged fourteen and younger found guilty of homicide. The court declared unconstitutional a compulsory sentence of life without parole for children. The states have been barred from routinely imposing sentences based on the crime committed. There is a requirement for individual consideration of the child life circumstance or the defendant status as a child. The court rejected the definite ban on life sentences without paroleRead MoreOpponent Of The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 Pagessome thoughts, life imprisonment without parole has had a bigger effect on inmates simply because they suffer from the feeling of guilt. The US benefits because the cost of the death penalty cost three times more than the cost expense of prison. One central thing about life imprisonment without parole is that they are in prison for the rest of their lives. According to Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, it said, â€Å"In certain cases, imprisonment should be for life, with no possibilityRead MoreJuvenile Crime : The Criminal Justice System1031 Words   |  5 Pagestobacco products, they cannot sign legal documents, they cannot be out after a certain hour, they are deemed too immature to handle their own lives. Juveniles, however can be waived to adult court where they could face sanctions as harsh as life imprisonment. In July 2003, 16 year old Terrance Jamar Graham and three other juveniles attempted to rob a restaurant in Jacksonville, Florida. Graham was arrested and charged with armed burglary with assault and or battery and attempted armed robbery. UnderRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1491 Words   |  6 Pageshave risen in many forms. People tend to commit crimes even though the government clearly states the consequences for such actions taking place. One prime example is murder. Though people commit murder and acknowledge that the penalty for such act is life in prison, which still doesn’t deter humans from undertaking the act. Death penalty could be a solution to stop humans from committing such gruesome acts. Therefore I strongly believe that the death penalty is acceptable in several cases. ThurgoodRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay694 Words   |  3 Pageslegal discussions over history has been the death penalty (capital punishment). There is many people who are against this but there are others who are for. As well there are also many countries that have abolished death penalty and murderers thus get life sentences for their crimes while in other countries like China and many USA states are still cruelly punishing a lot of people in this way. Even though the death penalty has been a controversial subject, it is not acceptable by no means in this eraRead MoreIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent?1677 Words   |  7 PagesDeterrent? Annotated Bibliography PS 223 Forensic Psychology I Research Question: Is the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Honeyman, J. C., Ogloff, J. P. (1996). Capital punishment: Arguments for life and death. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 28(1), 27-35. The main purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of the death penalty and the justification for the punishment. ARead MoreMinors and the Death Penalty1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthe family of the juvenile in question. D. Capital punishment is more expensive than a life imprisonment sentence without the opportunity of parole. Florida spent an estimated $57 million on the death penalty from 1973 to 1988 to achieve eighteen executions, that is an average of $3.2 million per execution. It costs six times more to execute a person in Florida than to incarcerate a prisoner for life with no parole. The average cost of a capital trial in Florida is $3.2 million. A study foundRead MoreThe Bet By Anton Chekhov1599 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Bet† by Anton Chekhov is a short story that focuses on the value of human life with the character’s different viewpoints on the death penalty and imprisonment for life. The author uses elements of literature to show that the definition of prison society accepted may be wrong. The first element of literature the author uses is characterization. In the story, there are two main characters: the banker and the lawyer. The story begins showing how wealth y the banker is, as shown by the way he threwRead MoreReasons For The Death Penalty Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesThere is nothing humane about killing a human being. The act of committing murder is offensive and cruel (Mappes, DeGrazia Zembaty, 2012). Justice can be served in various ways and will be as effective as the death penalty. Life imprisonment without parole is one such way of dealing with persons convicted of committing a murder (Mappes, DeGrazia Zembaty, 2012). While abolitionists and retentionists continue to discuss their viewpoints on the death penalty, it does appear that the retentionists

Critique Of The Help By Kathryn Stockett - 1487 Words

Critique of Fiction Novel The Help was published in 2005 by Kathryn Stockett. It was her first novel and it takes place around 1962 in Jackson, Mississippi where Stockett grew up. Stockett takes inspiration from the segregation she witnessed in her hometown and the African American maid Demetrie, with whom she grew up with, to write a passionate yet controversial novel in which she depicts the struggle between whites and blacks along with the emotional struggle that the main characters endure throughout the novel. The Help has been widely renowned yet disputable as Stockett uses the different aspects of life in the south that she grew up with to write a fictional yet realistic account of the segregation during the period of the Civil Rights Movement. The Help is told from the point of view of three characters: two African American women, Minny who is a cook, and Aibleen who is a maid and a white woman named Eugenia â€Å"Skeeter† Phelan. Stockett uses the three characters in first person narrative to depict not only the differences in the lives between whites and black, but also how their lives were intertwined in the sense that they end up helping one another even though the time period was one of separation and segregation. As the novel progresses, Skeeter, an aspiring writer, wants to write an exposition about the lives of Aibleen and Minny and other African American maids living in the south and the porous conditions that they endure in their daily lives. This is the mainShow MoreRelated`` The Help `` : Sociological Concepts Of Self And Interaction, Deviance, And The Reality Of Segregation Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper explains how the movie â€Å"The Help† goes into great depth to explore the socio logical concepts of self and interaction, deviance, and the reality of segregation that still exist today. This paper provides details in the comparison of benefits for children’s, a friend for the mothers, and a maid to help and serve the community. A dark story that elevated into a powerful transformation. A suspense thriller that obtain emotions core with some political twists. A movie that is incredibly

Prospectus Example - 1677 Words

How the Cubans view themselves in Western Media A Prospectus For History 299 Dr. Ganaway April 21, 2010 Introduction As a young child, I remember living in New York during the latter part of the Cold War years. In school, we had â€Å"bomb drills† in which time we got under our desks and took cover in case of a bomb or missile hitting the city. The apartment building that I lived in had a â€Å"fallout shelter† downstairs underneath the building to house survivors of nuclear war and spare them the effects of radioactivity. In my pre college studies, I didn’t learn much about the politics behind the United State’s foreign relationships with Cuba and the former Soviet Union and the Cold War itself. The basic premise that was†¦show more content†¦One that I will focus upon in my paper is a document dealing with the CIA’s plan to overthrow Castro that dated April 12, 1961. Many of the personal interviews that I will use will come from Miami based newspapers. To get a national prospective, I will use national newspapers and Magazines such as Time, Life, and The New York Times.. In a New York Times editorial, an American was outraged that asylum was denied to Fidel Castro’s two sisters but not to Batista. The article One article from the magazine Time that I will use in the study is titled Dynamic Boss takes over a US neighbor. This article is from January 12, 1959. The photos show signs of contradiction on the part of Castro. He made many promises to supporters and the media that he did not intend to keep. â€Å"He stated that he would not become communist†. The picture shows triumphant soldiers in the capital city of Havana. Citizens that were overjoyed about the revolution marched in the streets. The anonymous writer is shows a bit of distrust in the words of the new leader. The writer assesses the state of events in which he or she had witnessed with the words of the new leader. â€Å"Castro claims that he is a moderate†¦But people against the revolution are being murdered†. I will also use the book Beyond representational correctness: rethinking criticism of popular media byShow MoreRelatedDisclosure Of Disclosure And The Corporation Act 20011038 Words   |  5 Pagesstates the four types of disclosure document which are as follows: †¢ Prospectus †¢ Short Form Prospectus †¢ Profile Statement †¢ Offer Information Statement Company may be able to use any of them depending in the type of fundraising intended to and whether the restrictions imposed can be satisfied or not. The contents of information required in these disclosure documents are different in nature. a) Prospectus Section 705 states prospectus as a standard full-disclosure document. 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Once Upon a Psychological Theory Essay Example For Students

Once Upon a Psychological Theory Essay Many parents read fairy tales to their children. Young people are able to use their imaginations while listening to these fantastical stories. Filled with dragons, witches, damsels in distress, and heroes, these tales stay in the mind children for years to come. However, these young listeners are getting much more than a happy ending. Fairy tales such as The Goose Girl, The Three Little Pigs, Cinderella, and Snow White one can find theories of psychology. Erik Eriksons theories of social development as well as Sigmund Freuds theory of the map of the mind and his controversial Oedipal complex can be found in many fairy tales. Within every fairy tale there lies a hidden lesson in psychology. In 1963, psychoanalyst Erik Erikson developed one of the most comprehensive theories of social development. The theory centers around eight stages of psychological development. One of the stages, autonomy versus shame and doubt, occurs between the ages of one and a half and three years old. In this stage toddlers develop independence if freedom and exploration are encouraged. Autonomy itself means having control over oneself. At any given moment, our behavior, including this sense autonomy, is influenced by the outer environment and our inner psychological state (Restak 268). If they are overly restricted and protected they develop shame. Shame is the estrangement of being exposed and conscious of being looked at disapprovingly, of wishing to bury ones face or sink into the ground. (Blake 115). The key to developing autonomy over shame and doubt lies in the amount of control. If parents control their children too much the children will not be able to develop their own sense of contro l in the environment around them. However, if the parents provide too little control the children will become overly demanding. Gaining autonomy from ones parents is the topic of a once famous Brothers Grimm story, The Goose Girl. The story is of a beautiful princess who is to be married to a prince chosen by her mother. The girl along with her maid was sent to the castle of the prince. On the way the princess gave her maid a golden cup and asked for a drink. The maid took the cup and told the princess she would no longer be her servant. Again this happened and this time the maid realized her power over the princes and forced her to switch horses and dresses and to tell no one. Upon arrival at the castle the maid was married while the true princess was forced to tend to the geese in a pasture. In the pasture while tending geese with a boy she let her pure gold hair down. The boy wished to grab it. However, the princess summoned the winds and would not allow the boy to touch her hair . The boy calls the king to witness this daily event. This reveals the truth and the maid is killed. The true princess marries her prince and they rule their kingdom in peace. This tale shows the consequences of a childish dependence clung to for a long time. The princess trusts her mother who then sends her off to get married. Because she was protected as a child she did not develop autonomy. She was very dependent on her parents. Her dependence is then shifted to her maid who robs her of her title. The princess fears the maid and goes along with her lies. When the princess is in the pasture herding geese her partner wishes to touch her hair. She stands up for herself and will not allow this. The boy degrading her is the turning point in her life. The happy solution came about by the girl asserting herself and her dignity in not allowing the boy to touch her hair. The Goose girl learned that it is much harder to be truly oneself, but that this alone will gain her true autonomy and change her fate. One of Sigmund Freuds theories centers on the map of the mind. He divided the mind into three parts. The three parts are the id, the ego, and the super ego. The id is known as the pleasure principal. He believed Our entire physical activity is bent upon procuring pleasure and avoiding pain. (Restak 110). The id only wants to seek pleasure. It is mainly concerned with discharging built up energy. The second part is the super ego. The super ego keeps control over the id by causing guilt for being bad and pride for doing good. The third part is the ego. The ego is also known as the reality principal. It regulates the interactions of the person with their environment. The ego allows us to express the desires of the id in a socially acceptable way and within the boundaries of the super ego. Freud believed these three things were in all minds and were in constant interaction. The fairy tale of the Three Little Pigs centers around three pigs who are told they must live on their own. The fir st two pigs make week homes and then celebrate until the wolf blows their house down. They travel to the oldest pigs home, which is made of sturdy bricks. There they live in peace. This tale deals directly with the ongoing battle between the id and the super ego. The pigs must choose between the pleasure principal and the reality principal. The two pigs that built weak homes chose to side with the pleasure principal and seek gratification. They were not thinking of the dangers of reality. The oldest pig learned to behave in agreement with the reality principal or the super ego. Instead of acting out of desire he acts on his ability to predict what may occur in the future. Thus, Freuds theory of the map of the mind deals directly with the three little pigs. Do Computers Think? EssayWe should never accept the fact that we have grasped the entire and ultimate meaning of these narrations.(Heuscher 395). To read a fairy tale and relate it to any psychological theory is not an easy task. Many people have different opinions on the topic. Some people feel fairy tales should be left alone and not picked a part. Others feel everything must have a hidden meaning. Heinrich Zimmer once said, We can never exhaust the depths of myths and fairy tales- of that we may be certain; but then neither can anyone else. (Heuscher vii). Fairy tales can mean many different things to many different people. Children may like fairy tales because good triumphs over evil. Adults may favor them because they trigger childhood memories. And a psychologist may prefer fairy tales because every tale presents a theory. In the end everything boils down to the fact that, fairy tales were written to be enjoyed. Bibliography:BibliographyBettelhem, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York: Vintage, 1976. Blake, Toni. Enduring Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1995. Feldman, Robert. Understanding Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill, 1990. Heuscher, Julius. A Psychiatric Study of Myths and Fairy Tales. Springfield: Thomas, 1974. Lang, Andrew. Fifty Favorite Fairy Tales. New York: Nonesuch Press, 1964. Lthe, Max. Once Upon a Time on the Nature of Fairy Tales. New York: Ungar, 1970. Miller, Geroge. Psychology: The Science of Mental Life. New York: Bann, 1962. Restak, Richard. The Mind. New York: Holt Company, 1988. Velikovsky, Immanuel. Oedipus and Akhnation. Garden City: Buccaneer, 1960.

Ideal Teacher free essay sample

From the moment we open our eyes at birth till the time of our death, our minds seek knowledge, we never cease to gain new experiences and curiosity never ends. It is a natural instinct of all humans to want to â€Å"know† and understand. Knowledge is the base of any good, solid society; wise, learned people make the right choices and succeed. A mother is a child’s first teacher; however, once the child is ready, he/she is sent to school and good teachers become scaffolds through which the child is exposed to the vast ocean of knowledge. An ideal teacher can make all the difference to a child’s physical, emotional and mental development. An ideal teacher requires many commendable characteristics. Taking responsibility for schooling children takes a lot of patience and requires a deep understanding of child development at every level. An ideal teacher understands each child’s social, emotional, mental and physical needs and is able to tend to those needs in the best possible way. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideal Teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each child is unique in their abilities and the rate he/she accelerates; therefore, each child requires a personal one to one attention. Understanding and mastering the best teaching ideologies is extremely important for a teacher in order to best enhance a child’s fine motor skills, cognitive, sensory, language, maths and numerous other fields. A model teacher will always be in a positive state, creating a positive aura throughout the class. Managing the children and their behaviour using positive language is important in developing a healthy self esteem. Applying good disciplinary skills with consistency is also important to for the social, emotional and mental development of a child. An ideal teacher is responsible, hardworking, consistent and organized. She/he are well prepared and equipped with lessons, presentations, songs and anything else necessary to run a class efficiently. An ideal teacher acquires a clear use of language and good vocabulary to best communicate not only with the children, but parents and other members of staff and faculty. The finest teacher is always prepared for emergencies and can handle unexpected situations. Attending first aid, food safety, safeguarding and child protection courses and such can give the teacher a basic but imperative insight that can make all the difference in extreme circumstances. Anyone can learn a certain art and be able to perform but those who become the best are those who love what they do. An ideal teacher wants to make a difference and fulfils his/her role with a passion for teaching.

Free Essays on Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown – From Naivety to Maturity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown is story illustrating the moral principle of good versus evil. Hawthorne uses symbolism and irony to relay his feelings towards man’s natural appetite for evil and the battle to avoid it in ones own heart. Following these literary elements takes the reader through a dream allegory filled with religious hypocrisy. Locating and examining the two most prominent symbols throughout the story allows the reader to experience how the attempted conversion of Young Goodman Brown results in a transformation from naivety to maturity. The first use of symbolism comes in the form of the names of Young Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith. Young in the name literally means that the main character is a young man. Hawthorne textually declares this when he writes’ â€Å"†¦young Goodman Brown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg104). Goodman in the name symbolizes that he is a spiritual and good person. With Brown being such a common last name, it symbolizes that Goodman could be anyone or everyone. The name Faith has a dual symbolic meaning. It literally means religious faith and also represents Goodman Brown’s personal faith and religious convictions. This is apparent when Brown states, â€Å"My love and my Faith of all the nights in this year, this one night must I tarry from thee†(pg104). Here, Goodman Brown is referring to leaving his wife and his faith in God. Initially, Faith also represents youth as identified when Goodman Brown, â€Å"†¦put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to ex change a parting kiss with his young wife†(pg104). Though not understood until latter, it is this idea of a young good wife that reveals that Goodman’s initial state of naivety. Goodman is asked by his wife to stay home and not go on the journey. He thinks that she does not know about his journey to meet with the devil and thinks, â€Å"Methought as she spoke there... Free Essays on Goodman Brown Free Essays on Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown – From Naivety to Maturity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown is story illustrating the moral principle of good versus evil. Hawthorne uses symbolism and irony to relay his feelings towards man’s natural appetite for evil and the battle to avoid it in ones own heart. Following these literary elements takes the reader through a dream allegory filled with religious hypocrisy. Locating and examining the two most prominent symbols throughout the story allows the reader to experience how the attempted conversion of Young Goodman Brown results in a transformation from naivety to maturity. The first use of symbolism comes in the form of the names of Young Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith. Young in the name literally means that the main character is a young man. Hawthorne textually declares this when he writes’ â€Å"†¦young Goodman Brown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg104). Goodman in the name symbolizes that he is a spiritual and good person. With Brown being such a common last name, it symbolizes that Goodman could be anyone or everyone. The name Faith has a dual symbolic meaning. It literally means religious faith and also represents Goodman Brown’s personal faith and religious convictions. This is apparent when Brown states, â€Å"My love and my Faith of all the nights in this year, this one night must I tarry from thee†(pg104). Here, Goodman Brown is referring to leaving his wife and his faith in God. Initially, Faith also represents youth as identified when Goodman Brown, â€Å"†¦put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to ex change a parting kiss with his young wife†(pg104). Though not understood until latter, it is this idea of a young good wife that reveals that Goodman’s initial state of naivety. Goodman is asked by his wife to stay home and not go on the journey. He thinks that she does not know about his journey to meet with the devil and thinks, â€Å"Methought as she spoke there...

Risk management in Aviva Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management in Aviva - Essay Example Introduction The current state of this society is an effect of outcome of the long term process. Today, the entire world economy is facing a tremendous growth in every aspect of life. It can be interpreted as an effect of globalisation which can be termed as broadening of the ideas, innovation, relationship and other types of activities among the different countries of the world. Many scholars believe that globalisation is the primary reason behind these. Moreover, they also consider that international trade and business and technological developments are the most importance and crucial effect of globalisation. In fact, the growth of international trade and business and technological advancement are two primary sources of globalisation. In case of international trade, the countries form different parts get opportunities to enter into a new arena of business. In this process, the international traders come into the contact of new experiences like cross cultural diversities, better opp ortunities, and different market exposures etc. Due to effect of globalisation, the nature of trade and business has changed significantly as its importance for inter-dependency has been urged for the development of society. The term, international trade denotes to the commercial transaction between or/among countries that involves transfer of product, wealth, money, services, technology, resources etc. Due to emergence of international trade and business, the world economies have experienced a missive growth. However, with this rapid development, the multinational companies are also being exposed to multiple types of risks. Therefore, in effect, the structure and nature of business and its strategies have been changed to cope up with these risks making the entire process complex (Daniels et al, 2010, p.7). This paper will attempt to analyse the implications of multiple types of risks faced by a multinational organisations. In order to meet this objective, the primary focus of this paper will be on Aviva, a global insurance company. As this company is present in many world economies, it is exposed to a number or risks like political risks, financial risks like interest fluctuations, foreign currency fluctuations, market risks etc. This paper will also include appropriate strategies for diversifying such risks in respect of Aviva’s global insurance business. 2. Brief Description about the Company: Aviva Aviva is one of the most popular global insurance companies in the global financial service market. It is basically an UK-based company and the sixth largest insurance company in the world and the biggest in the UK market (Aviva-a, 2011). The major market for Aviva includes the broad regions like Europe, North America and Asia Pacific market covering more the 28 countries. For its international business management, the company primarily focuses on the three core strategies. Firstly, the company aims to heighten and enhance its focus on geographical segmen ted market. Secondly, it is tries to increase its consumer’s value by offering the best combination of general and life insurance. Thirdly, Aviva is also trying to strengthen its core competencies that have enabled it to be one of the market leaders in global context. The company has gained a high expertise in technical excellence, effective operational, financial discipline and marketing related activities like promotional, distribution etc (Aviva-b, 2011). The company has acquired a large base of consumers in the global market and it service nearly 53.4 million of consumer by offering value-created product with its 45000 employees worldwide. The primary products of Aviva mainly include the life

Jconstitutional law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jconstitutional law - Essay Example The concept judicial restraint is based on the Montesque’s idea of ‘division of powers’, which upholds separation of various organs of government for effective governance. For instance, when a judge rules on any case s/he should adhere to the rule of law and must not go beyond the strict interpretation of the law; which will, in result may usurp the power of legislature. Judicial activism is a practice, wherein judges’ personal or political views get more consideration than the existing law in judicial pronouncements. Judicial activism and judicial restraint are inevitable parts of the development of judicial processes in the United States. Thus, here, it becomes necessary for us to see the concrete practices of both judicial restraint and activism in the United States. The essay intends to analyze the development of law in the United States, by critically interrogating the notions of judicial restraint and judicial activism. II. Constitutional Powers of Ju diciary in the United States Framers of American constitution have adopted the idea of separation of powers wherein three wings of the government have equal powers whereas the British model follows the idea of parliamentary supremacy, in which parliament gets more power than other branches of the government; namely, judiciary and executive. Through checks and balances, the American model seeks to prevent all the branches of the government from wielding too much power. Constitutional provisions regarding judiciary have substantially influenced the judicial pronouncements in the country. Section 1 of the Article 3 of the United States’ constitution states that the â€Å"judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish†. Further, Section 2 of the same article elaborates the duties of the courts in the United States. The section notes that the â€Å"judicial Po wer shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority.† Above provisions in the US constitution have permitted the Supreme Court to interpret laws and the core features of the constitution. The cases that are presented before the court could well be amenable to judicial activism at the level of Supreme Court wherein the judges could reinterpret the related laws, judgments, and constitutional provisions. In 1796, the Supreme Court annulled a Virginia law on the ground that it was against the spirit of a 1783 peace treaty with Britain. Again, in 1803 Marbury v. Madison case provided an opportunity to the Supreme Court to assert its powers (Hall, 2005). The Marbury v. Madison case was one of the landmark cases in the United States’ constitutional history, which empowered the United States’ Supreme Court with the power of judicial review. The j udicial review empowers the Supreme Court to cancel or void the pronounced acts of the federal and state governments, which are against the spirit of the constitution. And, thereby, actions of both legislature and executive are brought under the purview of the Supreme Court. Judicial review, a new weapon in the hand of judiciary in the early nineteenth century, raised many questions around application of judicial rights vis-a-vis the legislative powers. What stand should be taken about judicial review? Should judges try to restrain themselves?

Theories of Crime | Introduction

Theories of Crime | Introduction There are many theories of crime which fit into four different models each explaining crime through varied approaches, in this essay I will be discussing the weakest of these theoretical explanations of crime and the strongest. The weakest theory of crime is Biological Positivism which is part of the Predestined Actor Model which is a positivist model explaining criminal behaviour based on scientific factors beyond a persons control. Biological positivism has been heavily criticised by many criminologists due to their explanations that the internal factors of a person is what causes crime, this will be explored further and proven to be the weakest theory throughout the essay. The strongest theory of crime is Left Realism, which is an integrated explanation. This theory takes into account elements of other approaches and realises that there are multiple causes of crime therefore making it one of the strongest theoretical explanations, this will be elaborated on in the body of the essa y and will be further proven why it is the strongest of all the theories. Throughout the essay I will be addressing the main points, the key thinkers, their explanations of crime and why it was chosen for each theory, which will then conclude in support of my claim of the weakest and strongest theories. Lombroso was the founding father of biological positivism and his theory suggested that people were born criminal; this explanation was influence by Darwins work on evolution and atavism. Although he was a biological positivist his work gradually turned towards environmental factors therefore suggesting that biological factors as the cause of criminality was not enough of an explanation and poverty for example also became influential. Lombroso was interested in criminal behaviour and categorized criminals as born criminals, insane criminals, occasional criminals and criminals of passions. He set the scene for all positivist work and other biological positivists based their work on Lombrosos findings. However Lombrosos work has been criticised, as it used outdated methodology which was very basic therefore he was unable to create any meaningful conclusions. Furthermore he did not consider female offenders, any criminal acts which were carried out by women he disregarded and stated tha t the men were responsible for the female involvement, therefore lacking in validity (Burke, 2009). Matza in 1964 went on to say that a criminal is a specific type of person, that is different to those that are not criminals and that crime occurs due to factors outside of their control. However, this then ignores the aspect that humans have free will to commit crimes therefore disagreeing with theories in the rational actor model like Classical theory, which states that people choose to commit crimes. There are many theories in biological positivism which all state that individuals are compelled to commit crime as it is part of their biological make-up, such as physical factors, theories related to the body, chromosomal anomalies, etc. however these have be criticised as you will see below. Physical type theories were the first to come out and this was based on the idea that criminals stand out based on of their appearance. Lombroso did research on atavism as mentioned above, that criminals are born criminal and show signs of criminal throwbacks for example long ears and sloping foreheads. As a result of this, people speculated that those with physical atavistic characteristics were criminals and used it as a prevention tactic. However this only related to a small amount of criminals and therefore is not very reliable and many with these characteristics could be wrongly accused of criminality. In todays society Lombrosos work is considered outdated and discredited due to the theory that a persons physical appearance increases the likelihood of them being a criminal, this is seen as absurd and meaningless, hence perceived as a weak theory. Phrenology, which is the study of skulls was also used to explain crime, Gall stated that by looking at the shape and bums of a skull can indicate a persons character and specified that the area above the right ear determines how violent that person is. This theory has been criticised immensely along with physiognomy, which tells a persons character through facial featured, due to its lack of credibility. There is not enough substantial evidence to prove this theory amongst a vast population because people are individuals with an individual biological make-up (Maguire, 1997). Sheldon has done some similar work on linking body shape to behaviour, (his theory of somatypes) and identified three forms of body types which relate to certain personalities. He established that offending behaviour and crime is linked with mesomorphs, who are muscular and athletic with an aggressive personality. However it does not consider that these types of people may be targeted by the police more than the other two body types therefore is supporting his theory as those athletic built individuals are getting caught, where as other body types are not. These physical theories are very weak as they are ignoring different aspects of the interaction between the physical characteristics of the person and their social circumstances. (Burke, 2009:74) People from poor families and areas may have a poor diet therefore causing them to be small, while young people working manual jobs are more likely to be muscular. These people are over-represented with criminals, which could be explained by socio-cultures not via biological factors (Burke, 2009). Furthermore, to support the statement that biological positivism is a weak theory, Sheldons work was follow up by a Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and found there was no physical difference between offenders and non offenders, therefore suggesting there is no reliability due to the inconsistency. Further criticisms of this theory are based on its methodology, as the sample of offenders and non offenders are not representative to society as mentioned above it does not account for those who do not get caught, it ignored the sifting process in the criminal justice system. It also disregards interaction with the environment, as those individuals with physical stigmas may retaliate against their social environment and labels given to them therefore living up to the expectation leading to a self fulfilling prophecy (Taylor, Walton, Young, 1973). Chromosomal Anomalies is another category of biological theory criminologists have used to explain crime, it looks at the link between abnormal chromosomes and criminal behaviour. A normal female complement is XX and male is XY, an abnormal complement is when there are chromosomes missing or there are too many for example the XYY. Brown in 1962 found that those with sex chromosome abnormalities had higher rates of delinquency than his other patients. Casey et al (1966) followed on from his work and did the first major studies at a secure hospital and found supporting results for men with an extra Y chromosome as well as them being taller and having low intelligence (Taylor, Walton, Young, 1973). The limitations for this theory are similar to that of the body type category, for example those with an extra Y chromosome may be taller and well built therefore targeted and treated harsher by agents of the criminal justice system like the police and judges. Further limitations which makes this theory the weakest, is that there are many individuals that are normal and do not behave criminally in society that have extra chromosomes, therefore suggesting that others factors have to be involved. In addition this theory also ignored the fact that those young men with an extra Y chromosome came from a working class background, therefore the cause of criminality could be due to their exploitation from the ruling class not because of chromosomes. Marxist theory would agree that the cause of criminality was a result of capitalist society and not chromosomes that are not identifiable and unable to predict criminal behaviour. Biological positivists also explained criminality as genetically inherited; they suggested that a criminal gene can be passed on through the family just like physical characteristics. To test this theory they used three sources of data, studies of criminal families, studies of twins and studies of adopted persons. All three sources claimed that criminal behaviour was inherited rather than environmental, however family studies did not considered the effect of an absent parent lending to criminality. In twin studies they could not identify whether criminality was influenced more by environmental or biological factors however did mention that biological theory on its own to explain crime is not enough, therefore is a weak theory to base criminal explanations on. This was also reiterated in adoption studies emphasising that environmental factors play a role and add to the reliability of the theory, therefore showing the weaknesses of the biological theory when it is used to explain crime on its own (Wiley, 1996). There are many weaknesses in the categories within biological theory, from the methods used by criminologists to their shortcomings in ignoring certain aspects including the three data sources that explained inherited criminal characteristics. The main limitations in biological positivism occur throughout all the categories even biochemical explanations such as hormone imbalances and substance abuse which has not been discussed in detail. The reason this theory was chosen as the weakest is due to it many limitations; criminologist largely discredit this approach as it is nowadays seen as outdated and not relevant, therefore there are many better explanation to crime that can be proven. Biological theory only looks at criminality from one approach which is seen as a very over determined view of human actions and a more integrated approach would explain crime better for example the more recent socio-biological explanation of crime. It only explains criminal behaviour effectively in a m inority of offenders and has considerably more limitations as mentioned above. This weakest theory also cannot explain the variation in crime rates and offers no explanation to why and how laws arise. A further reason it was chosen as the worst, was due to the unethical and harsh treatments to prevent crime which in the USA, even results in death, genetic selection and sterilisation. The strongest theoretical explanation of crime is left realism. This theory is chosen as the strongest because unlike biological positivism it does consider other factors and is an integrated model which recognises that there are many causes of crime and contains essential parts from all three models of crime. Jock Young had a major turnaround which altered criminological thinking to the emergence of left realism; when crime rates were meant to decrease due to economic restructuring and improved conditions and instead actually increased, with the increased awareness of victims of crimes and crimes that were previously invisible, and finally a growing public demand and disapproval in efficiency of public service (Newburn, 2007). This new criminology from the left political view, with criminologists such as Young, Lea and Matthews believed crime is a real issue and not socially constructed therefore it needs to be addressed. Left realism is the strongest theory as it takes into account the immediate fears that people have and seek to deal with them (Burke, 2009:264), such as street crimes in high offending areas as those living there are caught right in the middle of it. As mentioned above this theory is seen as theoretically strong as it recognises various causes of crime that are credited. The relationship individuals have with the police could be a cause of crime, if the police are harassing people therefore causing them to retaliate or feel helpless; this will drives them to offend. This theory is supported by labelling theory which makes it stronger because instead of theories disagreeing with the causes it agrees therefore creating validity. The police can also cause moral panics in society which can lead to further criminal behaviour; this could be a distraction by capitalist so that the working class are not aware of the real issues that they should be concerned about, this strength allows the individual to be aware of the capitalist system and the exploitation by the ruling class therefore can avoid crime. A key element of left realism is relative deprivation as a cause of crime. People measure their situation for example what they have got, (money and jobs) against the expectation that society creates. When individuals are unable to reach that expectation they may turn to crime in order to achieve it, this is the theory of anomie suggested by Merton. This explanation adds to the strength of this theory as it highlights economic and social factors of crime. Another key element is subculture, Lea and Youngs subcultural model explains how subcultures are used as a response to problems. Those who are unable to adapt to middle class values create subcultures that include people that share their norms and values so they are no longer frustrated. This therefore can be a response to the problem for the working class individuals; however this subculture may create norms and values to suit the group which may include criminal acts as a way of rebellion against the system (Lea, 2002). The final key element is marginalisation, as certain groups lived on the margins of society and are not accepted by others, consequently turning to crime. All these explanations of crime are some of the best from other theories and now under one theory therefore this is the strongest theoretical explanation of crime. An additional reason this is chosen as the strongest theory is because it provides a solution to crime and not just the causes, this is shown with the square of crime. Left realists state that crime is a gathering of the following four factors and the relationships between the four factors determine the effectiveness of that relationship to preventing crime. The first of the four factor, is the state; where the agents of the system label individuals as offenders which is a major factor of recidivism, the second is the victim; who may encourage criminal behaviour due to lack of defence or through repeated lifestyle (routine activity theory), the third is society; where formal and informal social controls occur and the fourth is the offender; how often they commit crimes and the type of offences, etc. (Burke, 2009). To prevent crime, you have to interfere at each point of the square. For example, in the state the police should have more effective policing and the courts should not make preconceptions. The victim should be more responsible for their protection and maybe change their daily routines regularly. The public (society) to ensure that the required socialisation is taking place in primary years and finally the offenders should exercise their free will and decide not to offend. A criticism of left realism, is that the theory is mainly based on previous approaches. However this can be considered as a positive factor, as the theory is hard to criticise due to the fact it has elements from all modules therefore accounts for many explanations and was chosen as the strongest theory. Further advantages includes how it seeks realistic policies to tackle crime problems and how left realism is about prevention not control, therefore left realists believe that if you punish it will lead to marginalisation, so consequently prevention is better.

Free Essays: The Prologues of Oedipus Rex and Everyman :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Prologues of Oedipus Rex and Everyman Two Works Cited A prologue is a miniature version of the actual text. It answers the elements of literature in a work, and exposes the reader to essential facts, as well as foreshadows the outcome of the work. The prologue also introduces themes, characters, and literary devices to complement the work. Thus, through the study of the prologues of Oedipus Rex and Everyman, one may learn much about the nature of both plays. In the prologue of Oedipus, the 'bear' pun is used. The 'bear' pun is a popular literary device used in many plays. To bear means to carry a babe; To bear can also mean to carry something heavy. The pun indicates that if one cannot bear the truth (which is a very heavy object placed on the heart) than one cannot bear new life. In order to be reborn one must suffer the bearing of truth. When Oedipus says, "I, Oedipus, who bear the famous name." (Sophocles, 715), he indicates that he is bearing the name and therefore must bear the fate that is set for him in order to conceive new life. In order for Oedipus to fully bear his name he must accept the responsibilities that follow; He must escape from the ways of the flesh. Until this time comes, the Gods must bear Oedipus's pain until he is ready to accept it. Likewise, Everyman cannot reach enlightenment (to be free of guilt) because he cannot bear the truth. God explains why Everyman cannot be enlightened as he says, "They use the seven deadly sins damnable, / As pride, covetise, wrath, and lechery . . ." (Everyman, 761). This proves that Everyman is too much of the flesh, and he uses the ways of the flesh to keep him bound to the earth. Thus, when God says, "I see the more that I them forbear" (Everyman, 761), God is bearing Everyman's truth until he is ready, when Everyman is no longer of the flesh. A major theme consistent in both works is that of suffering. In Oedipus Rex, the kingdom of Thebes is suffering because of Oedipus's sin. The suffering of Thebes is illustrated when the Priest said: The herds are sick; children die unborn, And labour is vain. The god of plague and pyre Raids like detestable lightning through the city, And all the house of Kadmos is laid waste,

A Synopsis of the Movie I, Robot Essay

I always asked myself if those stories about robots overcoming humankind will become real. Sci-Fi books are being my favorites since I was a kid and I watched every major movie about this subject. My favorites is â€Å"I, robot† that tells the story of a society in the future that relies on robots for all its domestic activities, but somehow one of those robots became aware of his own self and started to develop a mind, but most important, a soul. The robot started to develop a sense of what is right and wrong, and not because some program installed in its memory or an algorithm protocol of orders, it begun making decisions not based on instructions or learning by mistake process, but by searching deep on its â€Å"heart† what was the right thing to do. The robot’s name is Calvin and the movie, starred by Will Smith, is based on a set of short stories by Isaac Asimov, prolific writer considered a master in hard science fiction. On his â€Å"I, robot† short stories, one of them titled â€Å"Three Law of Robotic†, and which he considered his maximum contribution to human kind of the future (Asimov wrote the book on 1950), he came up with three laws that he thought a future society must input on robots in order to coexist with them as part of their day by day living. Those laws are: 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. These laws seem to be really basic, but their logic really doesn’t have any gaps, at least at first impression. When Calvin (the robot) encounters a conflict with those commands, he started to develop its artificial intelligence and becoming more human. When Calvin is in a situation that its deactivation will be harmful for his two human friends, he decided to fight for his existence, and a new era of robots was born. Like Asimov there are several authors and scientists that predicted a future where robots and artificial intelligence are a big part of society. And they have reasons to believe on this. After the Industrial Revolution took place, we have being searching for more productive ways to increase manufacture. Industrialization and mass production levels demand better, faster and smarter ideas to satisfy the greater demand of consume based societies. To achieve those exigent goals, technology and specially robotics is used more and more often. Some factories are made only on robots that build equipment parts or process food in a way no human can do. Major companies know where we are heading and invest more and more in robotic technology and artificial intelligence, like we read in the following citation of the article of Nicholas Carr â€Å"Is Google Making us Stupid?†: â€Å"Where does it end? Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the gifted young men who founded Google while pursuing doctoral degrees in computer science at Stanford, speak frequently of their desire to turn their search engine into an artificial intelligence, a HAL-like machine that might be connected direct ly to our brains. â€Å"The ultimate search engine is something as smart as people—or smarter,† Page said in a speech a few years back. â€Å"For us, working on search is a way to work on artificial intelligence.† In a 2004 interview with Newsweek, Brin said, â€Å"Certainly if you had all the world’s information directly attached to your brain, or an artificial brain that was smarter than your brain, you’d be better off.† Last year, Page told a convention of scientists that Google is â€Å"really trying to build artificial intelligence and to do it on a large scale.†Ã¢â‚¬  There is no doubt for me that there is a future where robots will be everywhere: Some robots might be performing precise heart surgeries, controlling traffic and overseen proper transit on the streets, cleaning our houses as domestic service or maybe even teaching English Composition at the local Community College (no offense to Ms. Patrice Fleck), but let’s be ready if some day they become aware of their own existence, giving the next step on their evolution as metallic beings. Let’s hope that their intentions towards us are attached to the Three Laws of Robotic stipulated by Asimov, they could be the difference between our survival and coexistence, or our total annihilation.

The Treatment Of Outweighing By John Donne And Shakespeare...

Hand to strange hand, lip to lip none denies, Why should they breast to breast, or thighs to thighs? (Donne, ‘Sappho to Philaenis’) Write an essay on the treatment of homoeroticism in the writing of the period. The treatment of homoeroticism is explored through the influential writings of both John Donne and Shakespeare in the Renaissance Era. Similarly, the voice of both present a scornful dismissal of the opposite sex in order to defy the typical conventions of heterosexuality. Whilst Donne explores lesbianism in his poem ‘Sappho to Philaenis’, Shakespeare reveals a hidden homosexuality in his sonnet sequence, exposed through the analysis of both his literature, and the changes made to the 1609†¦show more content†¦Donne contrasts ‘poetry’ and ‘desire’ with ‘verse’ and ‘fire’ to present parameters which display the vexed relationship between the rhetoric and the erotic. The rhyming couplets which hold this ‘desire’ and ‘fire’ metaphorically evoke both the sexual and the rhetorical. This erotic relationship is evident through Sappho’s physical description: the ‘holy fire’ is one of eternity, which cannot ‘decay’ within her heart. Ignited by eroticism, it is this fire that fuels ‘mind’s creatures’, a personification of thoughts, reflecting Sappho’s uncontrollable desire caused by the magnificence of her lover. Similar to the way Shakespeare scorns his female lover in favour of his male love in his collection of sonnets (1-†¦), Donne also depicts how his protagonist, Sappho, dismisses Phao disdainfully in favour of her relationship with Philaenis. Thus, both poets seem to respect metonymic sex instead of metaphoric intercourse. The ‘old poetic fire’ continues to enflame Sappho’s new desire. This is reiterated through Donne’s patterning, through his imagery of a candle. It is this which presents Sappho’s heart not with an image of her lover, but with ‘wax’, surrounded by ‘fire’, ignited by the passion of a woman. However, as we delve further into the poem, there is evidence of cracks which form within the relationship, which result in a sheer loss felt by Sappho. She is ‘robbed of a picture, heart and sense’, as she loses her lover, Philaenis. As she grieves, she